Publication Companion
Published in Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology on May 22, 2026
Turning Dynamics Resource

Speed-Dependent Turning Strategies in Quadrupedal Locomotion

Interactive supplement and reproducibility hub for the published article Speed-Dependent Turning Strategies in Quadrupedal Locomotion: Insights from Computational Modeling. This page is designed to help readers move between the paper, the interactive animator, and the underlying simulation code without feeling like they are leaving the publication context.

Yaroslav I. Molkov, Mohammed A. Y. Mohammed, Tommy Stell, Amelia Harralson, Russell Jeter, and Ilya A. Rybak

Research group: Yaroslav Molkov's group at Georgia State University

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology DOI 10.3389/fbioe.2026.1787167 Volume 14 · Article 1787167 Interactive animator included
Figure 7 From The Published Article
Figure 7 from the published article comparing maximal turning performance across body bending, lateral force, and lateral shift

Figure 7 compares maximal achievable curvature across the three turning strategies and makes the speed dependence of the paper’s main result immediately visible.

Key Result

Different steering mechanisms dominate in different speed regimes

Companion summary for readers skimming the paper
Low speed

Body bending produces the sharpest turns

In the slow regime, the model assigns the strongest curvature control to body bending. This is the most effective way to generate tight turning without relying on larger lateral displacements.

Medium speed

Lateral force becomes the strongest steering drive

Across intermediate speeds, the most effective turns come from lateral force application. This is the regime where sideways propulsion produces the clearest improvement in turning performance.

High speed

Lateral shift outperforms the other mechanisms

As speed increases, shifting the body laterally becomes the most effective steering strategy. The model suggests that the turning solution changes with the demands of faster locomotion.

Coordination

Forelimbs lead while hindlimbs adapt support and propulsion

Across these regimes, the forelimbs play a primary steering role and the hindlimbs re-balance propulsion and stability. The limb timing changes are part of the result, not just a side effect.

Paper Context

What this companion site is for

Study summary

The paper extends an earlier quadrupedal locomotion model to compare three asymmetric turning mechanisms: body bending, lateral force application, and lateral shifting. Rather than treating turning as a small correction to symmetric forward walking, the model asks how asymmetric mechanics and locomotor speed combine to produce different turning outcomes.

This companion page keeps the publication framing intact while exposing the interactive and reproducible pieces that are difficult to show directly inside a paper: browser-based exploration, downloadable source, and the concrete commands used to regenerate animations and sweeps.

Citation

Molkov YI, Mohammed MAY, Stell T, Harralson A, Jeter R, Rybak IA. Speed-Dependent Turning Strategies in Quadrupedal Locomotion: Insights from Computational Modeling. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 14:1787167 (2026). doi:10.3389/fbioe.2026.1787167
Companion Materials

Move between the paper, the tool, and the code

Interactive Animator

Explore steering controls in the browser and inspect the turning behaviors without building video files first. This is the main interactive entry point for the companion site.

Launch animator

Published Article and PDF

Read the final journal article on Frontiers or jump directly to the PDF when you want the publication itself rather than the interactive supplement.

Open article

Source and Reproducibility

Download the source archive containing the C++ model, animation and sweep plot files, and local build targets used to regenerate the example media and parameter sweeps.

Download source
Reproducibility

Build locally and regenerate outputs

Local reproduction requires g++, make, gnuplot, ffmpeg, and bc. The commands below use the bundled source archive to build the simulator, principal example animations, and parameter sweeps.

Install and build

sudo apt update
sudo apt install build-essential gnuplot ffmpeg bc
unzip turning.zip -d turning-source
cd turning-source
make

Generate example outputs

make examples
make results/lateral_force.mp4
make results/body_bending.mp4
make results/lateral_shift.mp4
make delta
make force
make shift